生物脱硫，又称微生物脱硫，是利用微生物的新陈代谢活动，将含硫化合物中的硫元素转化为无害或易于去除的形式，从而实现脱硫的过程。

Biological desulfurization, also known as microbial desulfurization, is the process of utilizing the metabolic activity of microorganisms to convert sulfur elements in sulfur-containing compounds into harmless or easily removable forms, thereby achieving desulfurization.

基本原理

Basic principles

无机硫的脱除原理：对于无机硫，如黄铁矿硫（FeS?），常见的是氧化亚铁硫杆菌等微生物起作用。微生物首先将 FeS?中的二价铁离子氧化为三价铁离子，同时将硫离子氧化为硫酸根离子。三价铁离子又可以进一步氧化黄铁矿中的硫，自身被还原为二价铁离子，如此循环，使黄铁矿不断被氧化分解，达到脱硫的目的。

The principle of inorganic sulfur removal: For inorganic sulfur, such as pyrite sulfur (FeS?), microorganisms such as ferrous sulfide oxidizing bacteria are commonly used. Did microorganisms first remove FeS? The divalent iron ions are oxidized to trivalent iron ions, while the sulfur ions are oxidized to sulfate ions. Trivalent iron ions can further oxidize sulfur in pyrite, reducing itself to divalent iron ions. This cycle continuously oxidizes and decomposes pyrite, achieving the goal of desulfurization.

有机硫的脱除原理：对于有机硫，微生物通过特定的酶系统，如脱硫酶等，作用于含硫的有机化合物。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）为例，一些微生物可以通过 “4S” 途径，即硫的氧化、水解、再氧化等步骤，将 DBT 中的硫原子逐步转化为硫酸根离子，而有机碳骨架则被微生物利用或转化为其他无害的有机物质，从而实现有机硫的脱除。

The principle of organic sulfur removal: For organic sulfur, microorganisms act on sulfur-containing organic compounds through specific enzyme systems, such as desulfurizers. Taking dibenzothiophene (DBT) as an example, some microorganisms can gradually convert the sulfur atoms in DBT into sulfate ions through the "4S" pathway, which includes oxidation, hydrolysis, and re oxidation of sulfur. The organic carbon skeleton is then utilized or converted into other harmless organic substances by microorganisms, thereby achieving the removal of organic sulfur.

常用微生物

Commonly used microorganisms

硫杆菌属：如氧化亚铁硫杆菌，嗜酸，能氧化亚铁离子和还原态硫化物，在煤炭等脱硫中应用广泛。

Thiobacillus genus: such as ferrous oxidizing thiobacillus, acidophilic, capable of oxidizing ferrous ions and reducing sulfides, widely used in desulfurization of coal and other materials.

假单胞菌属：如食酸假单胞菌，可利用多种有机硫化合物，对燃油中有机硫脱除有良好效果。

Pseudomonas genus: such as acid eating Pseudomonas, can utilize various organic sulfur compounds and have a good effect on removing organic sulfur from fuel.

红球菌属：能特异性地攻击含硫杂环化合物，在生物脱硫尤其是处理高含硫原油等方面表现出良好的潜力。

Rhodococcus genus: capable of specifically attacking sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, showing great potential in biological desulfurization, especially in the treatment of high sulfur crude oil.

生物脱硫的工艺

The process of biological desulfurization

生物滤池法：含硫废气通过装有生物填料的滤池，废气中的硫化物被填料上的微生物吸附、降解。微生物利用废气中的硫化物作为能源和硫源，将其转化为无害的物质。

Biological filter method: Sulfur containing waste gas passes through a filter tank equipped with biological fillers, and the sulfides in the waste gas are adsorbed and degraded by microorganisms on the fillers. Microorganisms utilize sulfides in exhaust gases as energy and sulfur sources, converting them into harmless substances.

生物滴滤法：与生物滤池法类似，但在生物滴滤塔中，循环液不断滴淋在填料上，为微生物提供更充足的营养和适宜的环境，强化了微生物对硫化物的去除效果。

Biological drip filtration method: Similar to the biological filter method, but in the biological drip filtration tower, the circulating liquid continuously drips onto the packing material, providing more sufficient nutrition and suitable environment for microorganisms, enhancing their removal efficiency of sulfides.

生物洗涤法：含硫废气先进入洗涤器，与含有微生物的洗涤液充分接触，硫化物被洗涤液吸收后，由微生物在液相中进行降解。

Biological washing method: The sulfur-containing exhaust gas first enters the washer and comes into full contact with the washing solution containing microorganisms. After the sulfides are absorbed by the washing solution, they are degraded by microorganisms in the liquid phase.

应用领域

application area 

煤炭脱硫：煤炭燃烧是二氧化硫等含硫污染物的主要来源之一。在煤炭开采和加工过程中，采用生物脱硫技术可以有效降低煤炭中的硫含量，减少燃烧时二氧化硫的排放，降低对大气的污染。

Coal desulfurization: Coal combustion is one of the main sources of sulfur-containing pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. In the process of coal mining and processing, the use of biological desulfurization technology can effectively reduce the sulfur content in coal, decrease the emission of sulfur dioxide during combustion, and reduce air pollution.

燃油脱硫：随着环保要求的日益严格，对燃油中的硫含量限制越来越低。生物脱硫技术可以在温和的条件下，选择性地脱除燃油中的有机硫，提高燃油质量，满足环保标准。

Fuel desulfurization: With increasingly strict environmental requirements, the limit on sulfur content in fuel is becoming lower and lower. Biological desulfurization technology can selectively remove organic sulfur from fuel under mild conditions, improve fuel quality, and meet environmental standards.

废气处理：工业生产中产生的大量含硫废气，如硫化氢、二氧化硫等，会对环境和人体健康造成严重危害。生物脱硫技术可用于处理这些废气，将硫化物转化为无害的硫酸盐等物质，实现废气的达标排放。

Waste gas treatment: The large amount of sulfur-containing waste gas generated in industrial production, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, etc., can cause serious harm to the environment and human health. Biological desulfurization technology can be used to treat these waste gases, converting sulfides into harmless sulfates and other substances, achieving standard emissions of waste gases.

优缺点

Advantages and disadvantages

优点：生物脱硫通常在常温常压下进行，与传统的物理化学脱硫方法相比，能耗低，设备投资和运行成本相对较低。而且生物脱硫过程中不使用或很少使用化学药剂，减少了二次污染的风险。微生物具有高度的选择性和特异性，能够针对不同类型的含硫化合物进行有效脱除，尤其是对一些传统方法难以处理的有机硫化合物也有较好的效果。

Advantages: Biological desulfurization is usually carried out at room temperature and pressure. Compared with traditional physical and chemical desulfurization methods, it has low energy consumption, relatively low equipment investment and operating costs. Moreover, the biological desulfurization process does not use or rarely uses chemical agents, reducing the risk of secondary pollution. Microorganisms have high selectivity and specificity, and can effectively remove different types of sulfur-containing compounds, especially for some organic sulfur compounds that are difficult to treat by traditional methods.

缺点：微生物的生长和代谢活动对环境条件非常敏感，如温度、pH 值、营养物质等，需要严格控制反应条件，以保证微生物的活性和脱硫效果。生物脱硫过程中，微生物的反应速率相对较慢，导致脱硫效率可能不如一些传统的物理化学方法，尤其是在处理高浓度含硫物质时，可能需要较大的设备和较长的停留时间。

Disadvantages: The growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms are highly sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, nutrients, etc., and require strict control of reaction conditions to ensure microbial activity and desulfurization efficiency. In the process of biological desulfurization, the reaction rate of microorganisms is relatively slow, which may result in lower desulfurization efficiency than some traditional physical and chemical methods, especially when dealing with high concentration sulfur-containing substances, which may require larger equipment and longer residence time.

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